A certain study disclosed Essay Example

A certain study disclosed Essay Example A certain study disclosed Paper A certain study disclosed Paper It was reported in various journals that that there are approximately 80,000 people who died in the United States each year due partly to medical malpractice (Kessler et. a. l, 2006). Meanwhile, a certain study disclosed that one of every three doctors said that they or family members had been victims of a preventable medical mistake this is nearly 30 percent of doctors said they had seen a serious medical error in the past year. The improper administration of drugs causes injury to over. 3 million persons annually because of doctor prescription errors such as mislabeling, using incomplete patient information, contraindications, improper combinations of medicines, miscommunication of â€Å"drug orders, inappropriate bottle labeling, and mistaking drugs with similar names† (Kessler et. a. l, 2006). Medical malpractice is indeed becoming a great problem of the people the possible patients who rely on our doctors for most of our ailments. Patients rely on the medical practitioners for the best therapy and / or treatment they could get, and yet another or much worst problem was given to them. However, medical malpractice should not be viewed on the angle of death rates or percentiles of medical negligence alone as this is quite a broad and vital concept which requires specific definition for the better understanding and protection of even the most ordinary citizen. A study made by Fletcher, (2005) has provided a clear rationalization of medical malpractice. According to her, when a doctor negligently does something that a reasonable physician would not have done in that case, or when appropriate action was not taken when it should have been – that is what one calls medical malpractice. This debate over the medical malpractice crisis has become a no win situation for the politicians and the medical practitioner. With this situation, American Medical Student Association or the AMSA calls upon both sides to commit to comprehensive reform of the medical malpractice system, putting patients’ safety and justice first. While there has been plenty of attention to frivolous lawsuits and lawsuit lotteries, there has been little focus on the errors that go unreported, injured patients who receive no compensation, and doctors who commit multiple errors without sanction (Guglielmo, 2006). Moreover, AMSA has disclosed some figures which could confirm that a comprehensive reform regarding medical malpractice is very much needed. Some of which are (Fletcher, 2005): The annual costs to society for medical errors is $17 billion to $29 billion There is one in every eight preventable medical errors committed in hospitals results in a malpractice claim The mean payout in 2001 was $135,941 in 2001; only 5% topped $1 million Only 5 percent of doctors (1 out of 20) are responsible for 54 percent of malpractice payouts Only 8 percent of doctors (1 out of 12) with 2 or more malpractice payouts have been disciplined by their state medical board. Consequently, not only are the healthcare system is suffering. Even the costs incurred for insurances have been increasing rapidly. Insurers and reinsures in this segment (the medical) have suffered years of underwriting losses, caused by intense competition and under pricing of business to gain market share. Furthermore, medical malpractice jury awards have increased to record levels, causing a new paradigm of claims relentlessness. Although industry losses were less problematic during the bull market, when they were offset by investment income, still, claims costs and related expenses have skyrocketed, while investment gains have all but disappeared. Many insurers have responded by either leaving the market or imposing strict underwriting conditions under which they will consider writing this business (Guglielmo, 2006). Added to this, according to the Joint Economic Committee estimation, the cost of medical care increases by $10. 6 billion each year because of the defensive practice by doctors. The continuously increasing lawsuits filed against the physicians, premiums for medical malpractice insurance increased sharply too. It was estimated that cost of malpractice insurance for medical professionals for some doctors go as high as 25% of annual income (Fletcher, 2005). Because of the noted problems relative to medical malpractice, various tort reforms regarding medical negligence have been formulated. In fact, people are now becoming more aware that they have the right to file a case against the improper treatment or therapy given to them. However, to avoid more confusion or filing any wrong case against medical practitioners, the government has set clear guidelines of the right lawsuit against physician’s misconducts. With this, those who will file a case can have the proper basis against the physician. On the other hand, a person accused of malpractice can also defend him or herself by showing that one of the elements therein is missing and/or by establishing an affirmative defense. The basic elements necessary to prove negligence includes duty of care, breach of duty, injury, and proximate cause. Specifically (Fletcher, 2005): 1. Duty of Care – Once a doctor or any medical professional agrees to diagnose or treat a patient, he or she has assumed a duty of care toward that patient. This means that the health care professional must treat the patient with at least the same level of care as a reasonably competent health care professional. Although at present, the law does not place an affirmative duty on anyone, including health care professionals, to render assistance to others in most situations. Of course, a doctor can help if he or she wants to, but there is no legal obligation. 2. Breach of Duty – In most cases, a reasonably competent health care professional is the one who can stay abreast of the relevant treatment literature and the one who uses methods commonly accepted in the profession. Any professional who disregards well-established medical standards or attempts to perform procedures beyond his or her capabilities is exposing him or herself to a possible malpractice lawsuit. 3. Proximate Cause – In legality, proximate cause is a natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any intervening event, produces injury, and without which, the injury would not have occurred. A simpler way of thinking about proximate cause is that it is an act which caused the plaintiffs injury for purposes of assigning liability. There are cases with which the defendant may have caused a plaintiffs injury in a technical sense, but the real flow of event that resulted to the injury was so complicated and improbable, that the defendant would have had no reason to be aware of any possible risk. In such cases where no reasonable person could have foreseen injury to the plaintiff, courts will probably not hold the defendant liable. Medical malpractice is becoming a very big burden for all sectors – which includes the medical professionals, the healthcare and insurance providers even the general public. The pain incurred, financial losses and lives lost will never be compensated especially if this problem persists. What is strongly suggested is that stricter rules and regulations (as imposed by the government and health policy makers) should be initiated. Compliance from the medical professionals (such as the nurses, physicians, surgeons, anesthesiologists and the likes) should be evaluated from time to time. More so, it will not be enough just to penalized the doctors who will be found guilty of medical malpractice by just paying the monetary losses of the victims. In fact, their license to practice should be retrieved or they should be asked to study again just to really understand what their roles as physicians are. Yes, medical malpractice is becoming rampant nowadays, and everyone should be protected from that. Laws, regulations and reforms that were set in the pursuit of protecting the welfare of every patient are very good endeavor of the government. But, patients still, should be responsible not to take advantage of these reforms. Yes, it is true that medical practitioners should refrain from doing such negligence on their practice, that they should be responsible enough from their every action with regards to the patients’ treatment. On the other hand, patients should also give due considerations with these doctors and physicians. They should think and seek legal advices first whether there is really a case to file against these doctors, and they should review also whether the negligence committed is surely to be blame on the doctor. With this, we can also avoid too much case filed against the doctors, who may be also the victim in the situation. References: Fletcher, Meg. November 14, 2005. State tort reform measures, loss control programs bring stabilization to medical malpractice market†. Business Insurance. Chicago:. Vol. 39, Iss. 46, p. 19-20,22,24. Guglielmo, Wayne. 2006. â€Å"Is Texas Tort reform Working? † Medical Economics. ABI/INFORM. Global 83:22 pp. 25 Kessler, Daniel, Summerton, Nicholas, Graham, John. Jul 21, 2006. â€Å"Effects of the medical liability system in Australia, the UK, and the USA†. The Lancet. London:Jul 15- Vol. 368, Iss. 9531, p. 240-246

The Chemistry of Changing the Color of Egg Yolk

The Chemistry of Changing the Color of Egg Yolk Chickens and other poultry naturally produce eggs with pale yellow to orange yolks, largely depending on their diet. You can change the color of an egg yolk by changing what the chicken eats or by injecting a fat-soluble dye into an egg yolk. Egg Color and Nutrition Eggshell and yolk color are unrelated to the nutritional content or flavor of an egg. The shell color naturally ranges from white to brown depending on the breed of chicken. Yolk color depends on the diet fed to the hens. The shell thickness, cooking quality, and value of an egg is not affected by its color.​ Can I Dye Egg Yolks? The short answer is yes, you can dye them. However, because egg yolks contain lipids, you need to use a fat-soluble dye. Ordinary food colors can be used to change egg white color, but wont spread throughout an egg yolk. You can find oil-based food dyes at Amazon and at cooking stores. Simply inject the dye into the yolk and allow time for the color to permeate the yolk. Changing Yolk Color at the Source If you raise chickens, you can change the color of the yolks of the eggs they produce by controlling their diet. Specifically, you control the carotenoids  or xanthophylls they eat. Carotenoids are pigment molecules found in plants, responsible for the orange of carrots, red of beets, yellow of marigolds, purple of cabbages,  etc. Certain commercial pigments are available as supplements added to feed to influence egg yolk colors, such as  BASFs   Lucantin(R) red and Lucantin(R) yellow. Natural foods also affect yolk color. Yellow, orange, red, and possibly purple may be obtained, but for blue and green you likely have to resort to synthetic dyes. Yolk Color Ingredient nearly colorless white cornmeal pale yolks wheat, barley medium yellow yolks yellow cornmeal, alfalfa meal deep yellow yolks marigold petals, kale, greens orange to red yolks carrots, tomatoes, red peppers Foods That Naturally Influence Egg Yolk Color    Hard Boiled Green Egg Yolks You can get grayish green egg yolks by hard boiling eggs. The discoloration results from a harmless chemical reaction in which hydrogen sulfide produced by sulfur and hydrogen in the egg whites reacts with iron in the yolks. Few people consider this an attractive food color, so you may wish to prevent this reaction by immediately chilling eggs with cold water after hard boiling them.

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Rights - Essay Example For better understanding the following explanations relevant to the case under study are noteworthy: 1. Article 11defines assembly as â€Å"a company of persons gathered for some common purpose, for example, a meeting or public demonstration [whereas] freedom of assembly†¦ include[s] organisation of, and participation in marches†¦ processions, ‘static assemblies†¦ sit-ins’ and both public and private events, whether formal†¦ informal (Interights, 2007, p. 7). Based on this definition, Rik’s group and activity qualifies. 2. The right to freedom of peaceful assembly is not an absolute right, but is a qualified right. Meaning, such rights can be interfered with by the Government under specified circumstances. The manner by which Article 11 is constructed clearly manifests this, wherein section 1 defines the rights being upheld, while section 2 defines Government legitimate interferences that may curtail this right. (Ashcroft et al., 1999, p. 22) 3. The general principles as to Government legitimate interferences are set by the European Court of Human Rights following the two cases: Bukta v Hungary [2007] ECHR Application No 25691/04 (17 July 2007) and Makhmudov v Russia [2007] ECHR Application No 35082/04 (26 July 2007), whereby the concerned State parties had been found violating Article 11 (Marauhn, 2007, p. 120). The Court laid the burden of proof on the State, ruling that Government interference against Article 11 is legitimate provided: a. It has legal basis in domestic law. â€Å"In determining the necessity of a restriction, the European Court and Commission have always accorded a certain margin of appreciation to the national authorities† (Rai, Allmond & Negotiate Now [1995]) (Hamilton, 2007, p. 19-20). In Rik’s case the following UK laws apply – for the power of the MP are the Public Order Act (POA) 1986 and the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act (SOCPA) 2005 (Norton 2010); while for the re stricted use of the Parliament Square are the Greater London Authority Act 1999, and the Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square Garden (Amendment No. 1) Byelaws 2002 (Greater London Authority, 2002). b. It is grounded on permissible aims, which in Rik’s case as given by the MP is security. Although such given reason was unconvincing especially so that in the past The Parliament Square has been the common centre for demonstrations and no recent security issue had been heard for the use of the Square. Furthermore, the HOOL as an organisation does not connote any violent intention and does not have any violent history in the past. c. It is indispensable in a democratic society, which in Rik’s case to ensure security is necessary for a democratic society to enjoy its freedom and rights. However, the right being curtailed is in fact one of the cornerstone of democratic society. Meaning, the reason for its infringement must be greater. In Rik’s case, the reason is unc onvincing. d. It should be proportionate to the aim being pursued, which in the case of Rik’s, the police ‘kettling’ – which although favoured by the High Court in Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (UKHL, 2009) – of the protesters for four hours did result to the curtailment of the protesters freedom of movement and even put their health, especially the young children, at

The Bauhaus Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Bauhaus Movement - Essay Example But in 1945 when the World War II had ended, a pattern of thinking particularly in arts and architecture began to emerge. This was known as the Bauhaus movement. The presence of eminent personalities from arts and architecture like Joseph Albers, Gropius and Mies who supported the movement was an evidence of the movement gaining acceptance by the people at that time. Every movement in history has gone through phases of controversies and criticisms. The Bauhaus movement too, was no such exception. There were obstructions as well as political interferences. But still the Bauhaus movement was successful in providing a direction to a newly incepted art form which was known as the abstract art (Craig, 2001). The Bauhaus movement laid the foundation stone for the art and architecture that was to be used throughout the 20th century The Bauhaus movement- inception During the initial decades of the twentieth century many chaos and destructions were seen. While at the political level socialism and democracy uprooted monarchy, at the scientific level machines and new technology brought in many changes. It was at this time that visual art fused with new ideas and creation emerged. This growing pattern manifested itself in the form of Expressionism (Ryan and Conver, 2003, pp.49-50). In Expressionism form of art, the person or the objects in context were removed using strong contour lines or bold colors. Around 1907, cubism emerged. Cubism was of two forms – analytical cubism that derived abstracts from living objects and synthetic cubism, which was more metaphorical of the two, emphasized on representing the essence of the object only. Cubism form of art led to the occurrence of several other art movements like the Dadaism, Futurism and the Bauhaus (Arntson, n.d, p.24). The background The name Bauhaus movement was coined from the name Bauhaus that was a German school of crafts and fine arts in Germany during 1919-1933. It was founded by the Walter Gropius who was a G erman architect in 1919. Post World War II, a movement known as the Bauhaus’s movement began that aimed at the liberation and exploration of American art and artists. Prior to that, much of the focus laid on the European form of art with little scope for their American counterparts The European artists were restricted in their expression of art and architecture. Bauhaus movement uprooted these restrictions and offered new arenas for them to explore. But still in its effort to bring in modernism and incorporate new ideas in its art and architecture it faced severe criticisms from both the public as well as the ruling government in those times. The Bauhaus movement occurred in two stages. It made its appearance during 1919-1936 and gained momentum during its second phase (Craig, 2001, p.112). The initial stage laid the foundation for the acceptance of new ideas .This was implicit from the fact that people from the Bauhaus School of Arts were brought in the country to teach and express their ideas. The second phase saw marked improvement over the first phase in the form of establishment of the renowned artist Joseph Albers at the Black Mountain College in North California and its acceptance of the Bauhaus ideology by the German artist Gropius and German American architect Mies (Craig, 2001, pp.35). The influence of de Stijl on the Bauhaus movement The de Stijl was a Dutch artistic movement that occurred in Netherlands. The Guggenheim museum’s article on the de Stijl stated that the de Stijl form of art focused on the usage of geometrical figures like the straight line, the square, the rectangle in asymmetrical combinations and using pure primary colors with black and white (Ryan and Conver, 2003, p.52). The Bauhaus move

Hassans Story Essay Example for Free

Hassans Story Essay Quote: â€Å"The way we see the problem is the problem.† Stephen Covey This quote means to me that when dealing with a problem the first mistake made is calling the problem a â€Å"problem.† When a problem occurs an individual usually automatically begins to attempt to mentally process ways to solve the problem. Problem solving involves critical thinking, and with critical thinking comes a lot of stress. Stress from a problem can be avoided if an individual looked at the situation in a more positive way, rather than automatically thinking negatively. I feel this quote is relevant to the work we do in the class. In this class we focus a lot on one’s self. I believe that the way you think when no one is looking describes your character. For example, one may assume that they have not learned anything from the class, but one with and open-mind would be able to express information that has been learned in the class. Every â€Å"problem† should be approached with an open mind, because when everything has been completed â€Å"you† will still be â€Å"you.† And what that means is, is that life will continue to move forward rather you have conquered the problem or not. I chose this quotation because I felt that it is fitting for anything in life. In life you will always come across a new situation because life is always about change. When attempting to advance, I feel that is when the majority of change comes. You are always going to come across a personality, a strategy, or method that you are not going to like and will take you out of your comfort zone. What is important is that you realize that everything is temporary and too shall pass. Once you’ve figured out that there is no such thing as a â€Å"problem,† rather than it is a â€Å"change† you can deal accordingly because change is inevitable.

Impact Of Television Violence In Relation To Juvenile Delinquency :: TV Violence Television Cause Essays

When children are taught how to tie their shoes, it is because of how their parents showed them. When children are taught how to do math problems it is because how their teachers show them. With all of the role models how does television affect our children? Many adults feel that because they watched television when they were young and they have not been negatively affected then their children should not be affected as well. What we must first realize is that television today is different than television of the past, violence is more prevalent in todays programming unlike the true family programming of the past. EFFECTS OF TELEVISION - THE BEGINNING Questions about the effects of television violence have been around since the beginning of television. The first mention of a concern about television's effects upon our children can be found in many Congressional hearings as early as the 1950s. For example, the United States Senate Committee on Juvenile Delinquency held a series of hearings during 1954-55 on the impact of television programs on juvenile crime. These hearings were only the beginning of continuing congressional investigations by this committee and others from the 1950s to the present. In addition to the congressional hearings begun in the 1950s, there are many reports that have been written which include: National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (Baker & Ball, 1969); Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior (1972); the report on children and television drama by the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (1982); National Institute of Mental Health, Television and Behavior Report (NIMH, 1982; Pearl, Bouthilet, & Lazar, 1982); National Research Council (1993), violence report; and reports from the American Psychological Association's "Task Force on Television and Society" (Huston, et al., 1992) and "Commission on Violence and Youth" (American Psychological Association, 1992; Donnerstein, Slaby, & Eron, 1992). All of these reports agree with each other about the harmful effects of television violence in relation to the behavior of children, youth, and adults who view violent programming. The only thing that we know about the effects of exposure to violence and the relationship towards juvenile delinquency we gather from correlational, experimental and field studies that demonstrate the effects of this viewing on the attitudes and behavior of children and adults. Children begin watching television at a very early age, sometimes as early as six months, and are intense viewers by the time that they are two or three years old. In most cases the amount of televised viewing becomes greater with age and then tapers off during adolescence. ). The violence that is viewed

Expansion and Contraction of Matter

SMJK AVE MARIA CONVENT SCIENCE B6D7E1 – The Principles of expansion and contraction of matter Name: Lim Li Fern (14) Class: 1P11 Identification Card No. : 990412-11-5206 Subject teacher: Puan Norlida Heat does to matter is changes it state. There is something more subtle though that can cause big problems. Look at this devise. When you heat both this ball and the ring the ring expands like a long bar of metal. The  ball expands less so when they are heated  the ball fits through the ring. You may want to look for these and try this demo as many of you probably have these. Another neat  tool to show the expansion of metals is this bimetal bar.It is made with one metal on one side and another metal on the other side. One metal expands more rapidly so the bar twists when heated. This affects things in the real world drastically. If this is not considered when building something we can end up with a  road buckling. Engineers then plan for the expansion and contraction due to heat. In a pipe we may see special parts like  this  or  this  so that the pipe can expand in length without breaking. Behaviour of matter – Expansion and contractioncontraction Substances  expand  or get bigger when they are heated up. They  contractor get smaller when they are cooled down.This property can be useful. * Thermometers work because the liquid inside them expands and rises up the tube when it gets hotter. * Metal parts can be fitted together without welding using shrink fitting. The animation shows how this works. Expansion and contraction in metal The rod is too big to fit through the hole. The rod is cooled, causing it to contract. The rod fits in the hole. When warmed, it expands to fit tightly. All matter is affected by heating and cooling. With a very few exceptions, when any matter is heated, it will expand. When it   is cooled, it will contract. Observing a Gas Expand When HeatedProcedure:  Ã‚   Place the neck of the balloon over the mouth of the bottle. Put about 6 cm (2 in) of water in the bottom of the pot and place the bottle and balloon in the pot. Heat the water slowly over the stove. You do not need to heat the water to boiling. What happens to the balloon? Remove the bottle and allow it to cool. What happens to the balloon now? What Happened:  When the air inside the bottle was heated by the hot water, it expanded. As the air expanded, some  was  pushed into the balloon causing it to expand slightly. When the air inside the bottle cooled, it contracted and the balloon shrank.Observing a Gas Contract When Cooled Just as you saw a gas expand when heated, you can see how it contracts when cooled using the same material as in the last experiment. Procedure:  Place a couple of inches of water in the bottom of the pot and place the bottle in the pot. Heat the water to almost boiling. Then, using the oven mitts, remove the bottle and quickly place the balloon over the neck. Allow the bottle to cool and observe the balloon as the bottle cools. What Happened:  As the air inside the bottle cooled, it contracted. This caused the balloon to be drawn into the bottle.Observing a Liquid Expand When Heated Procedure:  Ã‚   Put a little food coloring or a pinch of coffee or fruit drink mix in the bottle. Fill the bottle completely with cool tap water. Place a couple of inches of water in the bottom of the pot and carefully place the bottle in the pot, being careful not to spill any of the water. Slowly heat the water in the pot almost to boiling and observe what happens to the water in the bottle. What Happened:  As the water inside the bottle was warmed, it began to expand. The bottle could no longer hold all of the water and the water began to â€Å"bulge† from the top.Some may have even spilled out. Observing a Liquid Contract When Cooled Procedure:  Fill the bottle completely to the top with hot tap water. Try to get as few bubbles in the water as possible. Allow the bott le to cool where it will not be disturbed. Be careful not to spill any of the water. After the bottle has cooled to room temperature, observe the level of the water in the bottle. What Happened:  The water level was slightly below full. As the water cooled, it contracted causing the water level to drop. However, there may also be another effect here as well.If you used water with a lot of bubbles, those bubbles also took up a part of the volume inside the bottles. As the bubbles eventually floated to the top, they would have decreased the volume slightly. Can you think of some way to insure that what you are seeing is not a result of the bubbles? A Major Exception to the Rule The general rule that has already been stated is that matter expands when heated and contracts when cooled, but there are a few exceptions. The most important exception is water when it freezes. Procedure:  Ã‚   Fill the bottle to the top with water and replace the cap.Wrap the bottle in several layers of n ewspaper and place the bottle and paper in the bag. Put the bag in the freezer and leave it there until the water freezes. Remove the bag and paper and examine the bottle. What do you see? What Happened:  The bottle was shattered or very swollen. When water is cooled, whether as a gas (water vapor), a liquid, or a solid, it will contract. The one major exception to this is when water reaches the freezing point and changes from liquid water to ice. At that point, the water expands, rather than contracts. This expansion caused the bottle to break.The reason water behaves this way has to do with the shape of it’s molecules. When water freezes into ice, it’s molecules line up in a certain way, and when they do, they take up more space than they did as a liquid. It is almost as if the molecules elbow each other out of the way, and this causes the ice to take up more space than the liquid water. Once the water freezes and gets colder than the freezing point ( 0? C or 32? F ), it begins to contract again. The only time water expands when cooled is at the point where it freezes. However, the fact that water expands when it freezes is very important in nature.For example, one of the ways that rocks are broken down into soil is by water freezing in the cracks of rocks. When the frozen water expands, it has enough force to cause the rock to split or break into smaller and smaller pieces. Observing a Solid Expand and Contract Procedure:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using the wire cutters, cut a rod from the long bottom section of a wire coat hanger. Keep this wire as straight as possible. Use the sandpaper to sand the paint off the wire. (You are going to heat this wire, and you need to remove the paint to avoid fumes from burning paint! ) Cut a section of the coffee stirrer or broom straw about 3 inches long.Push the straight pin through the middle of this section. The straight pin should fit snugly. If it doesn’t, use a small piece of tape to hold it in place. Set u p the rod, pin, books and heat source as shown. Make sure that the end of the rod away from the pointer is firmly against a book, and that the rest of the rod is touching only the pin, and not the surface of the books. Heat the rod using your heat source, and observe what happens to the pointer. Remove the heat source without disturbing the rod and watch what happens as the rod cools. What Happened:  As the rod was heated, it began to expand.Since one end of the rod was against the book, it could expand in one direction only. As it expanded, the rod moved over the pin, causing the pin to roll slightly. Although the pin may not have rolled more than a quarter turn, the pointer allowed you to see this motion very clearly. As the rod cooled, it contracted and moved the pin and pointer back to where they started. We have seen that solids expand when heated and contract when cooled. Engineers who design roads, buildings, towers, and other large structures must know how much a substance will expand or contract over the range of temperatures it is expected to encounter.The engineers then have to design the structure to prevent damage from expansion or contraction. These next experiments will have you to examine some of these structures on a hot day in summer and a cold day in winter. They could become part of a science project on heating and cooling. Expansion and Contraction of Railroad Tracks Raildroad Track Expansion Joint Walk along a railroad track until you find a place where two rails are joined together. You should see a small gap between the rails where they are fastened together. This gap is called an â€Å"expansion joint†.Some newer tracks have rails that are continuously welded together and do not use expansion joints. If you walk for some distance and do not see a gap between two rails, the tracks you are looking at are probably of this kind. If possible, you should try to locate an older track, or even one that is no longer in use. Such track will be more likely to have expansion joints. If you are able to locate an expansion joint, measure and write down the outside temperature, along with the date and the time. Also, measure and record the size of the gap. The millimeter scale is probably the best scale to use.If you have a camera (particularly if this is part of a science project) take a picture of the joint. It is a good idea to take this picture with the ruler in place. Save your notes. If you did this on a hot day, repeat it on a cold day, or vice versa. Can you measure any difference in the size of the gap? What Happened:  The gap is slightly narrower on a hot day, because the rail sections on either side of the gap expand  with the increased heat. If expansion joints were not put in place and the rails were placed tightly together on a cold day, when they were warmed by the sun, they would buckle and perhaps come loose.If the rails were put down tightly on a hot day, they would pull apart in cooler weather. E ither could cause a very serious accident. Expansion and Contraction of Power Lines On a very hot or cold day, locate power lines near your home hanging between two poles or towers. Notice how much the lines sag. Measure and record the temperature as well as the date and time. Select a good spot to take a picture of the lines. Carefully note exactly where you make this picture in your notebook, including any zoom setting and the center of your photo.Make sure that you will be able to return to the exact spot several months from now. Return to the same spot when the weather is much hotter or colder, depending on when you did this the first time. Again, measure and record the temperature, date and time. Take another picture of the wires using the same zoom settings and center point as before. Compare the two pictures. What do you see? What Happened:  The wires sagged much less in cold weather. Wire, like all other solids, expands when it is warmed and contracts when it is cooled. In hotter weather, it will expand more, causing the wires to sag more.When power or phone lines are strung, they are always sagged to allow for expansion and contraction. If they were to be strung too tight, they could snap when they contract in colder weather. An Exception to Expanding and Contracting in Solids As we have seen, solids usually expand when heated and contract when cooled. However, some solids don’t always behave according to this rule, as this experiment will show. Procedure:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turn the box on its side as shown. Place the pushpin in the top edge of the box and hang the rubber band over the pushpin. (If you can’t get the pushpin to hold firmly, try taping the rubber band. Tie a small weight to the other end of the rubber band. The weight should be heavy enough to stretch the rubber band, but not enough to break it. Set the dryer on it’s hottest setting and heat the rubber band. Note what happens to the rubber band. What Happened:  Instead of expanding as we would have expected, the rubber band contracted and lifted the weight. Molecules of rubber are long and twisted, something like a loose spring. Rubber molecules compress when they are heated, causing them to draw together like a tighter spring. When all of the molecules do this, the rubber band contracts.

Trauma In 21st Century Health And Social Care Essay

Traumatic hurts are a really serious issue for society. These types of hurts are one of the chief causes of decease in people aged 5-44 old ages in the universe today. They account for 10 % of all deathsin this age group and hence represent a large load to society in footings of premature decease and disablement. Approximately 10 % of people who come into an accident and exigency section have a head hurt and that is what I am traveling to concentrate my essay on. I will discourse current direction every bit good as new therapies and developments. I will besides discourse the complication that can originate from a traumatic encephalon hurt old ages after the initial hurt. Injuries to the caput include scalp lacerations, skull breaks, concussion or a traumatic subdural, epidural or subarachnoid bleeding. If a patient has arrived to the A & A ; E section with multiple hurts, the precedence must be the air passage and guaranting the cervical spinal column is stable, so take a breathing and circulation before intervention can get down on a head hurt. Failure in resuscitation can take to hypoxia and hypotension.[ 3 ]It is of import to observe that intoxicant can impact the degree of consciousness in a patient so a blood intoxicant trial is ever a good thought.[ 4 ] Head hurts can be classed into two groups, closed caput hurts and perforating caput hurts. Closed caput hurts can be farther grouped into mild, moderate and terrible hurts. The Glasgow coma graduated table ( GCS ) is a graduated table used to measure the extent of the harm to the encephalon. Eye motor and verbal responses are tested for this graduated table. The scale scopes from 3-15 with 3-8 bespeaking terrible caput injury, 9-12 bespeaking moderate injury, and 15 indicating you know who and where you are, and that your motor and verbal control are unaffected.[ 5 ]After a traumatic caput hurt this trial is performed every half an hr until the patient reaches 15 on the graduated table. This trial classifies the type of head hurt but is non a replacement for a neurological test.[ 6 ] Most patients with a head hurt have mild hurts. Symptoms include sickness, a mild to chair concern and giddiness. Patients showing with a low hazard caput trauma merely necessitate a careful appraisal and some observation after. They normally do non necessitate a radiogram. However attention must be taken every bit much as 3 % of those who present with a mild caput injury can develop a more serious hurt.[ 6 ]Once the patient is discharged the following of family should be instructed to maintain supervising the patient and to wake the patient every two hours to see if the status has worsened.[ 6 ]Often patients with mild hurts to the caput have concussions. They are typically caused by a blow to the caput. The impact of the blow to the caput causes the encephalon to agitate inside the skull and this temporarily prevents the encephalon from working usually.[ 7 ]Not everyone who has a concussion will hold the same symptoms but a typical individual with a concussion presents with confusi on, non being able to retrieve what happened, sickness, light headedness and go throughing out. Most patients will do a complete recovery nevertheless in 30 % of instances post concussive syndrome can develop which normally lasts for 2-4 months. Symptoms include bleary vision, sleep perturbations, sickness, concern, giddiness or memory loss.[ 6 ]About 20 % of grownups who develop PCS will still non hold returned to work one twelvemonth after the initial hurt.[ 6 ] If the patient displays relentless emesis, memory loss, loss of consciousness, or if the practician suspects that poisoning of drugs and/or intoxicant has occurred so the hurt is a moderate hurt. A CT scan is deemed necessary is these instances. If the CT consequence is classified as normal, the poisoning is no longer present and the patient has been observer for a period of more than 8 hours, so the patient is deemed fit for discharge. If the patient is unfortunate plenty to hold a terrible caput hurt half of these patients will be dead or badly handicapped six months after hurt.[ 10 ]After a neurological test in a terrible caput trauma a CT scan is normally performed the consequences of which determine the following class of action. If a surgical lesion e.g an epidural haemmorage or an intradural haemmorage, is present the patient must undergo immediate surgery to repair the lesion. An epidural haemorrage occurs when shed blooding occurs between the dura affair and the skull.[ 8 ]Because of the little sum of infinite that exists between the encephalon and the skull any little addition in volume in the intracranial compartment causes force per unit area to lift dramatically. This addition can do farther encephalon harm. A hamorrage can do lasting encephalon harm or decease if left untreated.[ 8 ] If no lesion is present, the force per unit area volume position of the patient is checked. The force per unit area volume index is straight related to intracranial force per unit area. It is of import to maintain intracranial force per unit area under control because the extent of the harm is straight related to the extent of the addition in intracranial force per unit area.[ 9 ]If these consequences are non normal fluids must be given. This prevents a lessening in intravascular volume and hence cardiac end product. A lessening in cardiac end product leads to a lessening in intellectual perfusion and hence an addition in intracranial force per unit area. Elevation of the caput, in patients whose spinal column is stable, increases venous return and therefore reduces intracranial force per unit area. Intracranial force per unit area must be invariably monitored and this has been proven to better the result for the patient.[ 6 ]This can be invasive as a investigation is entered in the encephalon to supervise the intracranial force per unit area. If there is increased intracranial force per unit area, it is of import the patient is put on O. Diuretic drugs are the drug of pick to cut down the intracranial force per unit area. A acute hurt normally consequences with a big intracranial force per unit area addition. This must be dealt with and besides the penetrating object must be removed. The object likely is non clean and as a consequence pathogens are introduced to the encephalon. The object is normally removed to cut down the hazard of infection. Before this occurs an angiogram is performed cut down the hazard of hurt to the vascular supply. In a traumatic encephalon hurt the cranial nervousnesss are frequently affected. The nervousnesss most frequently injured include the olfactory, fourth cranial nerve, facial and vestibulocochlear nervousnesss so it is of import to prove the map of all the cranial nervousnesss to guarantee they are in working order. Head hurt can be difficult to handle and what works for one patient may or may non work for another patient with a similar status. There are many new techniques and progresss out at that place. One of these is hypothermia or chilling the organic structure below the normal physiologic organic structure temperature. This chilling is thought to protect the encephalon from farther harm. Injury to the encephalon can originate unwanted metabolic procedures in the organic structure. Hypothermia may or may non forestall these procedures from taking topographic point.[ 13 ]It is widely debated whether this method produces arguments. There is deficient grounds as of yet to do this process modus operandi in a traumatic caput hurt.[ 11 ]Clinical tests have non reached unaminous consequences as of yet.[ 12 ]A survey published in 1997 showed that patients with a Glasgow coma graduated table of 5-7 on admittance benefited significantly with hypothermia intervention. However patients with a Glasgow graduated table of 3-4 did non profit from the intervention.[ 13 ]Preliminary consequences from animate beings have produced positive consequences.[ 11 ]12However old research used engineering that was non able to chill the organic structure fast plenty. Now new more rapid engineering exists to chill the organic structure to 33 grades with 20 proceedingss.[ 12 ]However there is an on-going test being undertaken by the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre. The test is a randomised controlled test and is presently in stage 3.[ 11 ] Sometimes it can be difficult to find the true extent of the damage.Only really late a new engineering was unveiled at a neuroscience conference to cover with this issue. ( November 15th -17th 2010 ) â€Å" The beauty of this system is it that it captures elusive shortages caused by a encephalon hurt that are non measured by traditional trials, Traditional proving methods, such as touching a finger to the olfactory organ or resiling a ball, merely do n't capture the complexness of encephalon procedures. † ( Dr. Scott, a professor at The Centre for Neuroscience Studies at Queen ‘s. ) The kinesiological instrument for normal and altered making motions or KINARM appraisal station consists of a practical world system and a chair with robotic weaponries.[ 14 ]Patients are asked to execute a figure of practical trials like striking a ball with practical paddles.[ 14 ]On completion of the trials consequences are generated immediately by the computing machine, which show unnatur al behavior.[ 15 ]â€Å" This system has the potency to make for the diagnosing of encephalon hurt what X-rays did for naming muscular and skeletal hurts, † ( John Molloy, President and CEO of Queen ‘s University ‘s PARTEQ Innovations. ) Once the practician understands the true extent of the harm the intervention and rehabilitation can be more successful. Progesterone was one time thought merely to be a female reproductive endocrine[ 16 ]but recent research suggests that it can protect the nerve cells of the cardinal and peripheral nervous systems after a traumatic encephalon hurt has occurred. It was besides shown to cut down redness and besides the limitation of the blood supply to the[ 16 ]encephalon after the hurt.[ 16 ]Progesterone is already known to be safe to utilize and has a low cost in production and can be used on a assortment of spinal and encephalon hurts.[ 16 ]It is expected that Lipo-Lutin will be widely used in traumatic encephalon hurt within the following few old ages.[ 17 ] It ‘s non merely the traumatic encephalon hurt itself the patient has to worry approximately but the after effects besides. Traumatic encephalon hurt was one time seen as an â€Å" event, † treated with some rehabilitation, it had no permanent effects on other organ system of the organic structure or cardinal nervous system. However recent surveies have shown that traumatic encephalon hurt should be treated as a womb-to-tomb chronic status. The universe wellness organisation defines a chronic disease as â€Å" holding one or more of the undermentioned features: it is lasting, caused by non-reversible pathological changes, requires particular preparation of the patient for rehabilitation, and/or may necessitate a long period of observation, supervising, or attention. †[ 18 ]On mean those who suffered a traumatic encephalon hurt had a seven twelvemonth life anticipation decrease.[ 19 ] After a traumatic encephalon hurt the patient can be up to seventeen times more likely to develop epileptic ictuss than the general population.[ 20 ]In 2008 a survey following patients who had a moderate to severe traumatic encephalon hurt for up to 24 old ages found that 9 % were having intervention for epileptic ictuss.[ 21 ] Post traumatic encephalon hurt patients frequently complain of slumber upsets. A survey in 2001 found that on norm of 3 old ages on after the initial hurt, 45 % of patients were sing disturbed slumber.[ 22 ]There is besides an additions hazard of clogging slumber apnoea in station traumatic encephalon hurt patients.[ 23 ]Patients enduring from this get terrible cardiac arrhythmias while they are kiping. Traumatic encephalon hurt may besides be a hazard factor for Alzheimer ‘s disease every bit good as other signifiers of dementedness. A traumatic caput hurt more than doubles the hazard. The more terrible the hurt, the more your hazard of undertaking the disease additions.[ 24 ]Equally good as being a hazard for Alzheimer ‘s traumatic encephalon hurt may besides be a hazard for Parkinson ‘s disease and once more the more terrible the initial hurt the greater the hazard.[ 25 ]. Traumatic encephalon hurt is a hazard factor for developing legion neuroendocrine disfunctions. These include hypothyroidism which can happen in up to 30 % of patients who suffered a moderate to severe traumatic encephalon hurt.[ 26 ]Gonadotropin lack occurred in 10-15 % of patients after the initial hurt[ 27 ]and hypothyroidism occurred in 5 % of patients post hurt.[ 28 ] A traumatic encephalon hurt can take to the development of legion psychiatric upsets. These include anxiousness upsets, OCD, depression, temper upsets and psychotic upsets.[ 29 ]A survey in 2002 showed that 50 % of those who had a traumatic encephalon hurt developed a psychiatric upset.[ 30 ] Sexual disfunction is frequently a ailment of station Traumatic encephalon hurt. This can happen in 40-60 % of patients.[ 31 ]Patients can frequently see incontinency besides.[ 32 ] Patients with a moderate to severe traumatic encephalon hurt frequently have additions muscle tone which can consequences in unnatural motions.[ 33 ]This can step in with twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. A survey in Toronto analyzing 900 stateless people showed that 58 % of the males and 42 % of the female participants had had a old traumatic encephalon hurt.[ 34 ]This suggests that the initial hurt may hold set off a serious of events which lead to the individual going homeless. This statistic proves the earnestness that is traumatic encephalon hurt non merely to the patient but besides to society. Having done this assignment I have come to the decision that a encephalon hurt must be treated specifically for each patient. Besides I realise the earnestness of an hurt like this non merely in the hours and yearss after the hurt, but old ages after.

egyptian mummies essays

egyptian mummies essays In ancient Egyptian society preserving a body after death was considered a very crucial process necessary for entrance into an immortal existence. The importance of preserving the body was based on their cultural belief that the deceased persons soul must recognize the body and return to it. Ancient Egyptians believed that if the spirit could not identify the body it belonged to, it would die. As a result of this theology Egyptians developed an effective system of embalming. The Egyptian embalming process was a significant and complicated procedure, which was performed by priests. The early Egyptians thought that after death their spirits would travel to another world during the day, and at night the spirits would return to their bodies. In order for the person's spirit to live forever, the spirit had to be able to identify and come back to the corpse. This is why the Egyptians wanted to preserve the bodies of the dead in as lifelike a state as possible. Egyptians believed mummification guaranteed eternal life for the spirit, which was considered essential in ancient Egyptian civilization. The practice of mummification was so esteemed in early Egyptian society that major criminals would not be executed, but denied the privilege of becoming mummified. Priests that performed the embalming were forced to overcome several obstacles before perfecting the method. One major challenge was protecting the bodies. Slaves were forced to guard the remains, to ward off dogs as well as other scavengers. In addition, the Priests used magical items to provide security. The precise mummification treatment depended on what the family of the deceased could afford. The most elaborate method took about 60 days. The practice of mummification, referred to as, The Seven Steps to Immortality, was performed as follows: 1. After the body had been washed with wine and spices, all of the parts that might decay were remov ...

How to Label Digital Photos

How to Label Digital Photos How many times have you exclaimed in delight over the discovery of an old family photograph, only to turn it over and find out that absolutely nothing is written on the back? I can hear your groan of disappointment all the way from here. Wouldnt you give just about anything to have ancestors and relatives who took the time to label their family photographs? Whether you own a digital camera or use a scanner to digitize traditional family photographs, it is important to take some time and label your digital photos. This can be a  bit trickier than just getting out a pen, but if you learn to use something called image metadata  to label your digital photos, your future descendants will thank you. What Is Metadata? With respect to digital photos or other digital files, metadata  refers to the descriptive information embedded inside the file. Once added, this identifying information stays with the image, even if you move it to another device, or share it by email or online. There are two basic types of metadata that can be associated with a digital photo: EXIF (Exchangeable Image File Format)  data is automatically captured by your camera or scanner at the time it is taken or created. The EXIF metadata stored with a digital photograph might include the date and time the photo was taken, the type and size of the image file, camera settings or, if youre using a camera or phone with GPS capabilities, the geolocation.IPTC or XMP  data is data that is editable by you, allowing you to add and store information with your photos such as a caption, descriptive tags, copyright information, etc. IPTC is the most widely used industry standard, originally created by the  International Press Telecommunications Council for adding to a photograph specific data including the creator, a description, and copyright information.  XMP  (Extensible Metadata Platform) was developed by Adobe in 2001 off of IPTC. For the end-users purpose, the two standards are pretty much interchangeable. How to Add Metadata to Your Digital Photos Special photo labeling software, or just about any graphics software program, allows you to add IPTC/XMP metadata to your digital photographs. Some also enable you to also use this information (date, tags, etc.) to organize your collection of digital photos.  Depending on the software you choose, the available metadata fields may vary, but generally include fields for: authortitlecopyrightcaptionkeywords or tags The steps involved in adding metadata descriptions to your digital photos varies by program, but usually involves some variation of opening a photo in your graphics editing software and selecting a menu item such as File Get Info or Window Info and then adding your information to the appropriate fields. Photo editing programs that support IPTC/XMO include Adobe Lightroom, Adobe Photoshop Elements, XnView, Irfanview, iPhoto, Picasa and BreezeBrowser Pro. You can also add some of your own metadata directly in Windows Vista, 7, 8 and 10, or in Mac OS X. View a full list of software applications that support IPTC on the IPTC website.   Using IrfanView to Label Digital Photos If you dont already have a preferred graphics program, or your graphics software doesnt support IPTC/XMO, then IrfanView is a free, open-source graphic viewer that runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux. To use IrfanView for editing IPTC metadata: Open a .jpeg image with IrfanView (this doesnt work with other image formats such as .tif)Select Image InformationClick on the IPTC info button in the bottom-left cornerAdd information to the fields you choose. I recommend using the caption field to identify people, places, events, and dates. If known, it is also great to capture the name of the photographer.When you have finished entering your information, click the Write button at the bottom of the screen, and then OK. You  can also add IPTC information to multiple photos at once by highlighting a set of thumbnail images of .jpeg files. Right-click on the highlighted thumbnails and select JPG lossless operations and then Set IPTC data to selected files. Enter information and hit the Write button. This will write your information to all of the highlighted photos. This is a good method for entering dates, photographer, etc. Individual photos can then be further edited to add more specific information. Now that youve been introduced to image metadata, you have no further excuse for not labeling your digital family photos. Your future descendants will thank you!

Importance Of Rules And Regulation In Medical Institutions Case Study

Importance Of Rules And Regulation In Medical Institutions - Case Study Example And if to talk about why these rules and regulations are important to follow then one should know what are the motives and vision of rules and regulation. Rules and regulations are not just written statements which an employee needs to sign before joining an institute, but these rules and regulation show the structure of the institute, the norms over which it is built. It shows the discipline of institutes which tells the values of the institute. When we study and evaluate this case, we come to see the main objection which was professional misconduct; which means breaking the rules and regulations of the institute. And plus it’s unethical and against veracity towards the professionalism. When we study ethics we come to know a deep and strong relationship of law with ethics, as all the laws are made under the light of ethics. Laws are always kept moral and ethical. And ethics tells what’s moral and what is not moral. So when we study this case the first thing which ethics and law both object is that it was against the ethics of the doctor to allow the nurse to sign her prescription even if it was pre-written. Medical is already a field which is very sensitive to the topic when it comes to moral and ethical values as it is related to dealing with patient and the life of a person. The other point which comes in this case study is of Beneficence. That there are huge differences in the duties of doctor and nurse, if the prescription signed by the nurse goes under a legal system then the patient who was prescribed by this prescription can take an action against a doctor that the medicine was not signed by a doctor but by the nurse. And the nurses are not supposed to prescribe medicines. Beneficence in the medical ethics had the great importance which purely focuses what are the ethical values of doctors related to patient dealing. The prior thing which differentiates doctor and nurses is their knowledge of the human body and medication.

Cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Cover letter - Essay Example My lecturer recommended my work and asked me to assist him in some of his private assignment to gain more experience in the business world. I have taken internship exercises in two companies as indicated in the resume. The internship programs sharpened my financial skills by introducing me to the real world. In one firm, the firm assigned us an outdoor job description that required us to work in groups. As chairperson for the group, I ensured that every member committed to his assignment as described. In return, the firm awarded me with a certificate and a good recommendation for future endeavors. I have attached the certificates with the resume. I thank you in advance for considering my interview request. I would highly appreciate if you reach back on me after considering my request. Please feel free to reach me through my cell phone on 555-5678-786 anytime. I will follow up at the website to see the way forward decided by the firm in a week’s